How and When china invaded Tibet and why they claiming on Ladakh and Arunachal Pradesh?

After the second world war, Japan had not remained as strong as before and its's influence on china had finished. (Japan earlier had a colony in china similarly Britain had in India) China an ancient country woke up again. The first thing china had done was capturing nearby countries like Tibet, as per its expansion policy. In 1950 when Tibet's negotiation with china's public party government not concluded and countries like the UK and the USA did not help Tibet and they did not intervene, china's army invaded Tibet. (After coronavirus pandemic the USA has raised this issue again recently but if they would have done it that time, maybe the world history was different).

Later Tibet government had done 17 points agreement with china on their pressure in October 1951. But The Government of Tibet and Tibetan social structure remained in place in the Tibetan polity under the authority of China until 1959. In 1959 Tibetan rebellion began on 10Th March, from Lhasa which was the capital city of Tibet which had been under the effective control of the People's Republic of China since the Seventeen Point Agreement was reached in 1951. The conflict between Tibetan guerillas and the People'Liberation Army had started in 1956 in Kham and Amdo regions and it lasted up to 1962 but in 1959 when Dalai Lama had taken exile and fled away from china, china has taken down all control of Tibet region. (Tibet is a religious country and Dalai Lama is considered more than a religious figure who takes administrative and cultural decisions and also remains active in politics.) Tibet had not the modernized army that time as a country believes in peace and they never consider any requirement to have a strong and modern army. (Similarly, our first prime minister Mr. Jawaharlal Neharu also believed but after the first war with Pakistan in 1948 and the second war with China in 1962, his thought were changed and after which "Hindi" and "Chini" not remain "Bhai Bhai")

Why china invaded Tibet after the second world war?

Showing the Qing Dynasty region and Todays China region

China is one of the ancient countries that still exists and becomes strong in economy and military power today. Like many other ancient countries (e.g. India) china's region had changed with time from different ruler to ruler. The last dynasty which had rule china was Qing Dynasty which was established in 1636 and ruled china properly between 1644 to 1912( 268 years). The  Qing empire was multicultural and was the fifth largest empire in world history in terms of territorial size. During that time Tibet was invaded by China and it was part of that empire. During that time Tibet local government had ruled under the Qing dynasty. After the second world war china had started claim of all territories which were under this dynasty and Tibet was one of them. (Taiwan had also part of that dynasty and similarly Hongkong). Today china already invaded most of the land which was part of that dynasty, except Mongolia which is now an independent country.

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How the invasion of Tibet by China, is related to  Chinese claims on Ladakh and Arunachal Pradesh?

During 1912 India was ruled by the British Government and Tibet had their own local government. That time British India had tried to define the boundary between British India and Tibet lead by Henry McMahon. The McMahon Line is a line that defines the boundary between Tibet and the North East region of India which was signed between British and Tibetan representatives at the 1914 Simla Convention. This line includes Arunachal Pradesh and Aksai Chin in British India. India considers this line as the actual line of control but china does not consider this line as a legal line because according to china Tibet was not a sovereign country that time and Tibettian government did not have any authority to sign such treaty with any government without considering china and they believe whatever part of Qing empire consists in Tibet till 1912 will consider as LOC which include Arunachal Pradesh and Aksai Chin in Tibet that time.

What is the current situation and what are the options India has?

Currently, Chinese troops are 4 to 5 km inside Line of Actual Control near Pangong Tso lake where area define by fingers like the structure of the mountain. According to India, up to 11 finger regions come under Indian territory but the Chinese have settled their troops. Also, Galwan sector and the Hotspring area also invaded by china and settle down his troops. Discussion between army personal happened yesterday in which china demanded to stop construction in the Ladakh area which is inside the LAC India side and India demanded china to maintain status which was there in April 2020.

If china denies going back then India has only two options. First India can go for war. This is a foolish option because already India is in a vulnerable situation because of the corona pandemic and economical situation. If India goes for war, economically it will jeopardize India, even though we may get support from the USA.

The second option is, India should become stronger in the economy and have to accept that China is not a friend and make laws such a way that it helps local manufacturers economically. In this option vital role can be played by Indian citizens by accepting local products. currently, china earning around 62 billion dollars from India. Instead of going in the argument that whether India can replace each made in china's item or not, even if 1% of the product can be replaced, people should buy local products. Slowly but surely one day India can become "Atma Nirbhar" and then India can get his rightful territories back from china. This option may do not look brave but definitely the best option in the current situation. (Recently Sonam Wangchuk also made a couple of videos to convey the same message to the public. The government has many limitations because of global treaties and they can not openly urge people to boycott any products of particular countries but people can do themself. Similarly, Japanese citizens have done. Japanese citizen avoid buying American products as America had bombed two Japanese cities with a nuclear bomb in world war II)

Elephant can fight with dragon but Make In India lion has to support him.

By Manish Joshi | Writer | Engineer